Abstract The objective of the present work was the ultra-structural characterization of metacercariae of Diplostomum sp in Orestias luteus from Lake Titicaca, Puno, Peru. 35 fish collected through non-probabilistic sampling were anesthetized with tricaine monosulfonate (Tricaine-s®) and necropsied to determine the number of Diplostomum sp present per fish. The extracted parasites were fixed and preserved for study by scanning electron microscope. The frequency of parasitosis was 48.6% (IC 95%: 32.0-65.1) with a mean parasitic intensity of infection of 3.53 (low). The metacercaria of Diplostomum sp are lingui form in shape with papillae unevenly distributed on the surface of the body, have a posterior border with a slight conical prominence, and an extreme anterior circle where the oral suction cup is located. There is also an ellipsoidal acetabulum located in the anterior and ventral third of the posterior segment of the body; behind that is the ovoid-shaped tri bocytic organ. The morpho anatomic characteristics of the parasite under study coincide with Diplostomum mordax. The prevalence of Diplostomum sp in Lake Titicaca is high compared to previous years. However, the average intensity is low; suggesting that, for the moment, Diplostomum sp is not a threat to the health of O. luteus.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la caracterización ultraestructural de metacercarias de Diplostomum sp en Orestias luteus del lago Titicaca, Puno, Perú. Se recolectaron 35 peces mediante muestreo no probabilístico los cuales fueron anestesiados con tricaina mono sulfonato (Tricaine-s®) y se les realizó necropsia para determinar el número de Diplostomum sp presente por pez. Los parásitos extraídos se fijaron y conservaron para su estudio mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido. La frecuencia de parasitosis fue de 48,6% (IC95%: 32,0-65,1) con una intensidad de infección parasitaria media de 3,53 (baja). La metacercaria de Diplostomum sp son de forma linguiforme con papilas distribuidas de manera desigual en la superficie del cuerpo, tienen un borde posterior con una ligera prominencia cónica y un círculo anterior extremo donde se ubica la ventosa oral. También hay un acetábulo elipsoidal ubicado en el tercio anterior y ventral del segmento posterior del cuerpo; detrás de eso está el órgano tribocítico de forma ovoide. Las características morfo-anatómicas del parásito en estudio coinciden con Diplostomum mordax. La prevalencia de Diplostomum sp en el lago Titicaca es alto en comparación con años anteriores. Sin embargo, la intensidad media es baja; sugiriendo que, por el momento, Diplostomum sp. no es una amenaza para la salud de O. luteus.

Abstract: Introduction: The coxarthrosis has incidence of 88 cases per 100,000 people/year and symptomatic prevalence of 16% men and 6% women aged 65-74 years and increases with age. It is a growing public health disease. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) has become the most successful procedure to increase the quality of life of patients with coxarthrosis. Our objective was to determine the claudication, quality of life and functional results of THA through minimal invasive approach in patients with primary coxarthrosis. Material and methods: Prospective longitudinal study in patients with unilateral primary coxarthrosis postop of THA with minimally invasive approach from March 2015-February 2016, each patient was analyzed with quality of Life instrument (WOMAC), Functional test for coxarthrosis (HHS) and functional test in patients with hip surgery (OHS) with follow-up of one year. Results: We included 21 patients, 17 female and 4 males corresponding to 80.95% and 19.05% respectively, average age of 59.95 years (ED = 9.64), with excellent functional results to one year according to HHS and OHS, quality of life high in 100% of cases according to WOMAC, with claudication rate of 4.76%. Discussion: The minimal invasive approach is a reproducible surgical technique, with excellent functional results, low claudication rate and high quality of life in postoperative patients of primary ATC at only one year of follow-up.

Resumen: Introducción: La coxartrosis tiene incidencia de 88 casos por 100,000 personas/año y prevalencia sintomática de 16% para hombres y 6% para mujeres en edades de 65-74 años e incrementa con la edad. Representa una enfermedad de salud pública que va en aumento, la mujer es quien presenta padecimiento más grave. La ATC (artroplastía total de cadera) se ha convertido en el procedimiento más exitoso para mejorar la calidad de vida de pacientes con coxartrosis. Objetivo: Determinar la claudicación, calidad de vida y resultados funcionales de la ATC mediante abordaje mínimo invasivo en pacientes con coxartrosis primaria. Material y métodos: Estudio longitudinal y prospectivo en pacientes con coxartrosis primaria unilateral postoperados de ATC primaria con técnica mínimamente invasiva en el período comprendido de Marzo de 2015 a Febrero de 2016, se analizó a cada paciente con somatometría, calidad de vida (WOMAC), funcionalidad en pacientes con coxartrosis (HHS) y funcionalidad en pacientes con cirugía de cadera (OHS) de manera prequirúrgica y postquirúrgica con seguimiento a un año. Resultados: Se incluyeron 21 pacientes, 17 femeninos y cuatro masculinos que corresponde a 80.95 y 19.05%, respectivamente, edad promedio de 59.95 años (DE = 9.64), con resultados funcionales excelentes a un año, según escalas de HHS y OHS, calidad de vida alta en 100% de los casos según WOMAC, con índice de claudicación bajo de 4.76%. Discusión: El abordaje mínimo invasivo es una técnica quirúrgica reproducible con resultados funcionales excelentes, índice de claudicación baja y alta calidad de vida en pacientes postoperados de ATC primaria durante el primer año de seguimiento.

Abstract Samples of ‘Persian’ lime trees, from 5 to 8 years old, with symptoms of gummosis, cankers and dieback of branches were collected in orchards in the municipalities of Tlaltizapan, Ayala, Coatlan del Rio and Amayuca in the state of Morelos, Mexico, during August 2015. The samples were processed by routine procedures and sown in potato dextrose-agar and purified by means of hypha tips. The isolated pathogens were inoculated in healthy plants in order to evaluate their pathogenicity. Morphological and molecular identification was carried out and a Bayesian phylogenetic tree was constructed with clades grouping. Based on morphological characters, Lasiodiplodia sp. was identified. The molecular analysis allows to determine 16 isolates, which were grouped into 4 clades and three species, Lasiodiplodia citricola, L. pseudotheobromae and L. theobromae, which are considered as new reports, causing disease in ‘Persian’ lime for the State of Morelos, Mexico.

Resumen Muestras de árboles de lima ‘Persa’, de 5 a 8 años de edad, con síntomas de gomosis, canceres y muerte descendente de ramas fueron colectadas en huertos de los municipios de Tlaltizapán, Ayala, Coatlán del Río y Amayuca en el estado de Morelos, México, durante agosto del 2015. Las muestras fueron procesadas mediante procedimientos de rutina, sembradas en papa-dextrosa-agar y purificadas mediante puntas de hifa. Los patógenos aislados fueron inoculados en plantas sanas para evaluar su patogenicidad. Se realizó la identificación morfológica y molecular y se construyó un árbol filogenético bayesiano con agrupamiento de clados. Con base a caracteres morfológicos se identificó a Lasiodiplodia sp. El análisis molecular determinó 16 aislados, que se agruparon en 4 clados y tres especies, Lasiodiplodia citricola, L. pseudotheobromae y L. theobromae, las cuales son consideradas como nuevos reportes causando enfermedad en lima ‘Persa’ para el Estado de Morelos, México.

Abstract The main objective of this work is to carry out a parametric study of stay cables of a bridge under simulated spatially correlated buffeting forces. This vibration mechanism is simulated with an Autoregressive and Moving Average (ARMA) model, and applied to mathematical models of the stay cables of the tallest cable-stayed bridge in Mexico. The use of auxiliary damping devices to mitigate vibration is evaluated. The analysis results showed that the use of a more realistic model to represent and characterize the variation in space and time of the fluctuating wind, which is not capture by the white noise or harmonic functions, is advantageous and offers a new alternative to evaluate the structural response of stay cables without and with dampers. The implications of the analyses results in the structural behavior of the stay cables of the bridge are discussed.

We propose an alternative geometric mathematical structure for arbitrary phase space. The main guide in our approach is the hidden SL(2,R)-symmetry which acts on the phase space changing coordinates by momenta and vice versa. We show that the SL(2,R)-symmetry is implicit in any symplectic structure. We also prove that in any sensible physical theory based on the SL(2,R)-symmetry the signature of the flat target "spacetime" must be associated with either one-time and one-space or at least two-time and two-space coordinates. We discuss the consequences as well as possible applications of our approach on different physical scenarios.

Mentha x gracilis Sole é um híbrido que produz óleos essenciais ricos em monoterpenos. Tendo em vista a propagação clonal desta planta, segmentos nodais provenientes de plantas assépticas, foram cultivados em meio de Murashige e Skoog (MS) suplementado com 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 µM de cinetina, benzilaminopurina (BAP) ou thidiazuron (TDZ). Após 30 dias, as plantas foram transferidas para meio MS não suplementado com citocinina. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos em meio suplementado com 2 µM de TDZ, mostrando ser método viável para a produção rápida de grande número de mudas. Após a transferência das plantas para a casa de vegetação, as plantas propagadas com TDZ apresentam maior número de tricomas glandulares.

Mentha x gracilis Sole is a hybrid that produces essential oils rich in monoterpenes. Aimed at the clonal propagation of this plant, nodal segments from aseptic plants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MSO) medium supplemented with 0; 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 µM kinetin, benzyl adenine (BAP) or thidiazuron (TDZ). After 30 days, plants were transferred to MOS medium without cytokinin supplementation. The best results were obtained in medium supplemented with 2 µM TDZ, which proved to be a viable method for the rapid production of a large number of seedlings. After transference to the greenhouse, plants propagated with TDZ had a larger number of glandular trichomes.

The aim of this work is to evaluate the characteristics involved in the data acquisition and image reconstruction of a microPET Focus 120 system. Energy resolution, spatial resolution, sensitivity, count rate and image quality characteristics were evaluated using different phantoms with three conventional positron emitter radionuclides used in PET imaging (11C, 13N and 18F). Some tests performed in this work are from the new protocol NEMA NU4 - 2008.

El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar las características que intervienen en la adquisición de datos y la reconstrucción de imagen de un sistema de micro-tomografía por emisión de positrones (microPET) Focus 120. Características como la resolución en energía, resolución espacial, sensibilidad, tasas de conteo y reconstrucción y calidad de imagen, fueron evaluadas utilizando diferentes maniquíes con tres de los radionúclidos convencionales emisores de positrones comúnmente usados en PET (11C, 13Ny 18F). Algunas de las pruebas realizadas en este trabajo fueron del nuevo protocolo NEMA NU4 - 2008.

Background: Programmed cell death 1 (PDCD-1) immune-receptor is a key element in the negative regulation of peripheral tolerance in T cells. Several polymorphisms of this gene have been described and it is linked with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases like Lupus and Multiple Sclerosis. Aim: To analyze four gene polymorphisms of PDCD-1 gene and explore its possible contribution as a susceptibility gene for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Patients and Methods: We analyzed 160 cases with T1D of recent diagnosis aged 9.5 ± 3.3 years and 160 control children aged 10.7 ± 3.1 years. Four genetic variants of PDCD-1 gene were studied (PD1.2; PD1.5; PD1.6 and PD1.9) by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzymes. Autoantibodies GAD65 and anti-IA-2 were also measured in all studied children. The comparison of allelic and genotypic frequency and consistency with respect to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test were analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher exact test. Results: No differences between cases and controls were observed for PDCD1.2; PDCD1.5 and PDCD1.9 polymorphisms. PDCD1.6 polymorphism (carriers of allele A) had a higher frequency in the control group (0.794 versus 0.644, p < 0.017). There was no particular association of these polymorphisms with anti- GAD65 and anti-IA-2 antibodies among patients with T1D. Conclusions: Only PDCD1.6 polymorphism showed differences between T1D cases and controls. Possibly, none of these genetic variants of PDCD1 has a relevant role as a marker for T1D in the Chilean population.

Artemisia echegarayi Hieron. (Asteraceae) is commonly known in Argentina as “ajenjo”. Many studies report high efficacy of essential oils against food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The antimicrobial activity and minimal inhibitory concentration of A. echegarayi essential oil were evaluated against seven bacterial species of significant importance in food hygiene, by using the disc diffusion assay and the micro-well dilution method, respectively. Volatile components of the extract were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and major components were determined. Furthermore, the essential oil was tested for its antioxidant activity. The essential oil inhibited the growth of gram-positive and gram-negative tested bacteria, with the exception of Proteus mirabilis. A. echegarayi essential oil presented the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration against Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus. Two terpenes, thujone and camphor, were identified from this essential oil as the principal constituents responsible for antibacterial activity. The oil showed a free radical scavenging activity equivalent to 50% of the reference compound. These preliminary studies showed promising results since this essential oil may provide an alternative to promote its use as a natural food additive.

Artemisia echegarayi Hieron. (Asteraceae), conocida como “ajenjo”, es una planta típica de la región de Cuyo (Argentina). En este trabajo se evaluó la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro y la concentración inhibitoria mínima del aceite esencial extraído de sus partes aéreas frente a especies bacterianas que con frecuencia contaminan los alimentos. Se utilizaron las técnicas de difusión con discos en agar y microdilución en placa respectivamente. Además, se determinó la actividad antioxidante de este aceite esencial in vitro por espectrofotometría. En general, tanto las bacterias gram-positivas como las gram-negativas fueron inhibidas por este aceite, con excepción de Proteus mirabilis. Listeria monocytogenes y Bacillus cereus resultaron ser las bacterias más sensibles. El análisis por croma-tografía en fase gaseosa y espectrometría de masa permitió la identificación cualitativa y cuantitativa de los componentes mayoritarios del aceite esencial del ajenjo. Entre ellos, la tuyona y el alcanfor se destacaron como los principales responsables de la actividad antibacteriana observada. Los datos preliminares obtenidos en el presente estudio sugieren que el aceite esencial de Artemisia echegarayi representa una alternativa para promover su empleo como aditivo natural en alimentos.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate thermal treatments of vapor heat in the control of Anastrepha serpentina on zapote and to determine tolerance of zapote mamey fruits to the treatments. The fruits not were damaged internally by the heat treatment when exposed to 43 °C·120 min-1. The fruits reached eating ripeness in 8 days at 25 °C, with rapid changes in the pulp color and weight loss. In contrast, at 10 °C they maintained greater firmness and prolonged shelf life, but exhibited greater damage in the vascular bundles. Mortality of the fruit fly eggs and larvae was 100% with controlled atmosphere vapor heat treatment at 43 °C·120 min-1. Fruits not were damaged by the application vapor heat; larvae were easily killed by the CA at 40 °C·120 min-1, but eggs were more resistant and hatched at 25 °C after the 8 days of storage.

Los objetivos de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de tratamientos térmicos con aire caliente forzado húmedo en el combate de la mosca de los zapotes (Anastrepha serpentina Wiedemann) "in vivo" y determinar la tolerancia a las condiciones aplicadas de frutos de zapote mamey. Los frutos no fueron dañados internamente por el tratamiento térmico cuando fueron expuestos a 43 °C·120 min-1. Los frutos alcanzaron su madurez de consumo a los ocho días a 25 °C, presentaron cambios rápidamente en color y perdieron más peso; mientras que, a 10 °C se mantuvieron con mayor firmeza, prolongaron su vida de anaquel y mostraron mayores daños en los haces vasculares. Con respecto a la mortandad de los huevos y larvas de mosca de la fruta A. serpentina, éstas fueron del 100% con la atmósfera controlada (CA) de aire caliente a 43 °C·120 min-1, igualmente los frutos no fueron dañados por la aplicación de la CA; las larvas murieron fácilmente por el calor a 40 °C·120 min-1, mientras que los huevos fueron más resistentes ya que ocurrieron larvas emergidas a 25 °C para los ocho días de almacenados.

Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen, conhecida como ginseng brasileiro, é muito utilizada pela medicina popular devido suas propriedades fitoterápicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de concentrações de BAP e de TDZ na propagação in vitro de dois acessos (BRA e JB-UFSM) desta espécie. Segmentos nodais, provenientes de plantas assépticas, foram cultivados em meio Murashige e Skoog (MS) suplementado com 0, 1 e 5 μM de BAP ou TDZ. Após 30 dias, as plantas foram transferidas para meio MS não suplementado com citocinina. Observou-se que a organogênese in vitro de P. glomerata é genótipo-dependente. O acesso BRA mostrou um maior potencial para a propagação in vitro em relação ao JB-UFSM. O cultivo dos segmentos nodais do acesso BRA em meio com 1 μM de TDZ, seguido pelo subcultivo dos brotos para meio isento de citocininas mostrou ser um método viável para a propagação in vitro devido à alta taxa de multiplicação e o bom desenvolvimento das plantas. No acesso JB-UFSM, o cultivo dos segmentos nodais em meio não acrescido de citocinina mostrou ser o método mais adequado para a produção de um grande número de plantas com alta qualidade.

The plant Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen, known as Brazilian ginseng, is extensively used in folk medicine due to its phytotherapic characteristics. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of BAP and TDZ concentrations on the in vitro propagation of two sources (BRA and JB-UFSM) of this species. Nodal segments originated from aseptically grown plants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0, 1 and 5 μM BAP or TDZ. After 30 days, the plants were transferred to MS medium without cytokinin. The in vitro organogenesis of P. glomerata is genotype-dependent. The source BRA had greater potential for in vitro propagation than JB-UFSM. The culture of BRA nodal segments on medium with 1 μM TDZ, followed by subcultivation of sprouts on cytokinin-free medium, showed to be a viable method for in vitro propagation due to high multiplication rate and good plant development. In the source JB-UFSM, the culture of nodal segments on medium without cytokinin was the best method to obtain a large number of high-quality plants.

Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen, conhecida como ginseng brasileiro, é uma planta extensivamente usada na medicina popular em decorrência de possuir propriedades fitoterápicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de β-ecdisona nas raízes e partes aéreas de plantas in vivo e in vitro provenientes de dois acessos (BRA e JB-UFSM) de Pfaffia glomerata através da cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD). Nas plantas in vivo, as manchas cromatográficas demonstraram que a β-ecdisona está presente na raiz e na parte aérea. Os acessos não apresentaram diferenças em relação ao perfil de manchas cromatográficas. A análise em CCD não detectou a presença de β-ecdisona nas plantas cultivadas in vitro.

Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen, known as Brazilian ginseng, is a plant extensively used in folk medicine due to its phytotherapic characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of β-ecdysone in the roots and shoots of in vivo and in vitro cultured plants of two sources (BRA and JB-UFSM) of Pfaffia glomerata using Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC). For in vivo cultured plants, TLC plates showed that β-ecdysone was present in the roots and shoots. Sources showed no differences concerning TLC plates. TLC analysis did not detect β-ecdysone in the in vitro cultured plants.

En los últimos años se ha observado mundialmente un incremento del aislamiento de cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes a múltiples antibióticos, siendo la producción de β-lactamasas la principal causa de resistencia a los antibióticos β-lactámicos, los cuales constituyen la única opción terapéutica en muchos casos. Las metalo-β-lactamasas (MBLs) son una familia de enzimas degradadoras de β-lactámicos que recientemente han emergido como determinantes de resistencia de importancia clínica y que son activas contra los carbapenem; no hidrolizan a los monobactámicos; son inhibidas por agentes quelantes de iones metálicos como el EDTA y el ácido dipicolínico; no son inhibidas por el ácido clavulánico, sulbactan ni tazobactan y presentan uno o dos iones de zinc en su sitio activo. Este reporte describe la detección de MBLs tipo VIM mediante ensayos fenotípicos y moleculares en nueve cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes a carbapenems aisladas de muestras clínicas de cuatro hospitales de Venezuela. Por métodos fenotípicos se evidenció que 100% de las cepas eran productoras de MBLs, y por PCR todas las MBLs resultaron ser de la familia VIM, las cuales confieren alto nivel de resistencia a los antibióticos β-lactámicos, con excepción del Aztreonam, único antibiótico al cual se observó sensibilidad, complicando así las opciones terapéuticas.

In recent years there has been a worldwide raise in the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with resistance to multiple antibiotics, being β-lactamase production the main cause of resistance to β-lactamic antibiotic (which are the only therapeutic option in many cases). The MBLs are an β-lactamic- degrading enzymatic family that have emerged as clinically relevant resistance determinants and are active against carbapemens, don´t hydrolise monobactams, have one or two zinc ions in its active site and are inhibited by metallic ions chelating agents such as EDTA and dipicolinic acid, but aren´t inhibited by β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam or tazobactam. This report describes the detection of VIM-type MBLs by phenotypic and molecular methods in 9 carbapenemsresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical samples of four Venezuelan hospitals. By phenotypic methods it was evidenced that 100% of the strains were MBLs producers, and by final- point PCR it was determined that all the MBLs were from the VIM family, which confer high- level resistance to the β-lactamic antibiotics (except Aztreonam), and because they are carried by plasmids with the ability to transfer horizontally to other bacterial families, they can be responsible for therapeutic complications in an individual or the patients collective.

One of the substrates used to reproduce Trichoderma spp., is the relatively high cost whole rice grain. In order to find an organic, economical and available substrate in the region, in which this fungus could have a good development and a high viable spores production, this research was established with the objective to evaluate 15 organic substrates for T. harzianum massive reproduction and spores viability, and to associate it with the nutrimental composition of the evaluated substrates. Husk tomato (flower calyx); rice (flower glumes, lemma and palea); garlic (coriaceous cataphyllary); cocoa (seed coat); sesame (fruit pericarp); peanut (fruit pericarp); coffee (fruit pericarp); bean sheath (fruit pericarp); corn cob (feminine inflorescence rachis); rice, sorghum, bird seed and corn grains; soybean and corn stubble were evaluated. A completely randomized design with eight replications was used. Spore number and viability percentage was quantified and it was correlated with the proximal chemical analysis. The corn cob was the best substrate for the T. harzianum production and spore germination with 4.43 x 10(8) ml-1 and 99.0% viability. Based on the proximal chemical analysis, the mycelium development, esporulation and spores viability, T. harzianum has a good production in those organic substrates that have high humidity percentage, low mineral, protein and fat content, and an intermediate fiber percentage.

Uno de los sustratos utilizados para reproducir a Trichoderma spp., es el grano entero de arroz, el cual tiene costo relativamente alto. Con el propósito de encontrar un sustrato orgánico, económico y de fácil adquisición en la región, en el cual este hongo tenga un buen desarrollo y una alta producción de esporas viables, se estableció esta investigación que tuvo como objetivos evaluar 15 sustratos orgánicos en la reproducción masiva y viabilidad de esporas de T. harzianum y asociarlo con la composición nutrimental de los sustratos. Se evaluaron cáscaras de tomate (cáliz maduro acrescente de la flor, que encierra al fruto); arroz (glumas, lemas y palea de la flor); ajo (catáfilas coriáceas); cacao (testa de la semilla); ajonjolí (pericarpio del fruto); cacahuate (pericarpio del fruto); café (pericarpio del fruto); vaina de frijol (pericarpio del fruto); olote de maíz (raquis de la inflorescencia femenina); granos de arroz, sorgo, alpiste y maíz; rastrojo de soya y maíz. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, con ocho repeticiones. Se cuantificó el número y porcentaje de viabilidad de las esporas y se correlacionó con el análisis químico proximal. El olote fue el mejor sustrato, tanto en la producción como en la germinación de esporas de T. harzianum con 4.43 x 10(8) ml-1 y 99.0% de viabilidad, respectivamente. Con base en el análisis químico proximal, el desarrollo del micelio, esporulación y viabilidad de las esporas, T. harzianum tiene un buena producción en aquellos sustratos orgánicos que tienen alto porcentaje de humedad, bajo contenido de minerales, proteína y grasa, y un porcentaje intermedio de fibra.